Understanding and evaluating a reference letter

In short: Employees in Germany are entitled to a benevolent but truthful reference letter after the end of employment. Certain phrasings are considered code for hidden criticism.

In more detail: References must be both truthful and “benevolent”, a contradiction that the so-called reference language resolves.

In detail

• Simple reference: Contains only the type and duration of employment, without assessment.
• Qualified reference: Additionally assesses performance and conduct, the standard for job applications.
• Reference language: Phrases such as “endeavoured to” instead of “achieved” are considered coded criticism.
• Grading scale: Roughly comparable to school grades, from “always to our fullest satisfaction” (very good) downwards.
• Right to correction: Faulty or unfair references can be corrected out of court or in court.
• Interim reference: Can also be requested during ongoing employment, for example before a change of supervisor.
• Own review: Applicants should critically review their own references before using them (kuendigung-erhalten-was-jetzt-wichtig-ist).