EMZETT.Gluten, coeliac disease and gluten-free explained properly
In short: Gluten is a protein in wheat, rye and barley; people with coeliac disease must avoid it for life, for everyone else gluten-free is not automatically healthier.
In more detail: Gluten makes dough elastic and bread rise. It is in wheat (also spelt, kamut), rye, barley and often in oats (through contamination). This is general information and does not replace medical advice. With complaints, illnesses, pregnancy or medication, ask a doctor or pharmacist.
In Depth
Coeliac disease
An autoimmune disease: gluten triggers an inflammation in the small intestine that damages the villi. Consequences: diarrhoea, stomach ache, bloating, weight loss, nutrient deficiency, tiredness, anaemia, in children growth disorders, sometimes also symptoms outside the gut. Diagnosis is by blood test and small-intestine biopsy, before gluten is omitted, otherwise results are unreliable. The only treatment is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.
Wheat allergy and gluten sensitivity
Wheat allergy is an allergic reaction to wheat proteins (different from coeliac disease). Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity is a symptom picture after gluten without coeliac disease or allergy whose causes are still being researched; sometimes other substances (FODMAPs, fructans) are responsible. Here too medical clarification is sensible.
Labelling and everyday life
- “Gluten-free” may be stated at at most 20 mg gluten per kg; the crossed-out ear symbol of the coeliac society marks tested products.
- Naturally gluten-free: rice, maize, potatoes, millet, buckwheat, quinoa, fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, milk, eggs, legumes.
- Gluten-containing cereals are highlighted in the ingredient list.
- Hidden gluten in sauces, seasonings, sausage, ready meals; cross-contamination in the kitchen (toaster, chopping board), ask in restaurants.
- Gluten-free substitutes are often more expensive and sometimes contain much fat and sugar.
Gluten-free without a diagnosis?
Whoever avoids gluten without complaints has no proven health benefit but limits choice, which can lead to a one-sided diet. Wholegrain products supply fibre and nutrients. With symptoms: first the doctor, then the diet. For those with coeliac disease, strict avoidance is medically necessary.
See also: The 14 main allergens, Fibre and protein, Lactose intolerance and milk allergy, NOVA classification