Sculpture: basics

In short: Sculpture is the art of creating three-dimensional works by shaping, modelling, or removing material. Classic materials include stone, wood, metal, and clay.

In more detail: A basic distinction is made between additive methods, where material is added, and subtractive methods, where material is removed.

In detail

• Subtractive methods: In stone carving or wood carving, excess material is removed until the desired shape emerges.
• Additive methods: Modelling clay or casting metal builds up the shape gradually from added material.
• Lost-form casting: In bronze casting, a wax shape is first modelled and then replaced with liquid metal.
• Proportions: Realistic figures require precise knowledge of human or animal body proportions.
• Surface treatment: Polishing, patinating, or painting significantly changes the effect and durability of the finished work.
• Modern materials: Contemporary sculptors increasingly also use plastics, glass, or recycled materials.
• Public space: Sculptures in public spaces must additionally account for weather resistance and longevity (kunstepochen-im-ueberblick, bildkomposition-goldener-schnitt).