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Drones: Technology, rules and licence

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tagsglossar, hardware, recht

2 min read

Drones: Technology, rules and licence

In short: Drones are remote-controlled or autonomous flying robots; in the EU clear rules apply on registration, proof of competence, insurance and no-fly zones.

In more detail: Multicopters fly with several rotors and are used for photo, film, surveying, agriculture and inspections. Whoever flies is responsible for safety and privacy.

In Depth

Technology

  • Rotors and brushless motors controlled by motor controllers (ESC).
  • A flight controller with gyroscope, accelerometer, barometer and GPS keeps the drone stable.
  • The battery (LiPo) limits flight time to about 15 to 40 minutes; proper storage and charging are important (fire risk).
  • Camera and gimbal (stabilised mount), radio link in the 2.4 or 5.8 GHz band, obstacle detection and return to home.
  • Classes: small photo drones under 250 g up to large systems with payload.
  • Registration as an operator with the Federal Aviation Office (e-ID on the drone) if it has a camera or weighs more than 250 g.
  • Proof of competence (online test, “small drone licence”) for drones from 250 g, remote pilot certificate for higher categories.
  • Liability insurance is mandatory, also for hobby pilots.
  • Visual line of sight (keep the drone in view), usually maximum 120 m height.
  • No-fly zones: airports, hospitals, crowds, industrial sites, nature reserves; check geographic zones (DIPUL map).
  • Privacy: no recordings of identifiable people or properties without consent; camera drones are especially delicate.

Getting started

Start with a small, stable drone, practise on open ground, read the manual and mind wind and battery level. Simulators are suited for practice without risk. FPV racing (goggles with live image) has its own rules. For commercial use (aerial photos, inspection) additional requirements and permits apply.

Current developments

Autonomous drones for deliveries, agriculture and rescue are emerging. In parallel the debate on misuse and defence grows. Information on current rules is available from the Federal Aviation Office and state authorities; check it before flying.

See also: 3D printer, Arduino and microcontrollers, Right to one’s own image