Nim: Spickzettel

Python-nahe Syntax mit der Geschwindigkeit von C

Ausführen: Datei hallo.nim speichern und mit nim c -r hallo.nim übersetzen und starten (Nim von nim-lang.org, Paketmanager nimble).

nim c -r hallo.nim            # übersetzen und sofort ausführen
nim c -d:release hallo.nim    # optimiert übersetzen
nim js hallo.nim              # nach JavaScript
nim check hallo.nim           # nur prüfen
nimble init projekt           # neues Projekt
nimble install <paket>        # Paket installieren
nimble test                   # Tests ausführen

let n = 15
if n mod 15 == 0:
  echo "FizzBuzz"
elif n mod 3 == 0:
  echo "Fizz"
else:
  echo n

let status = if n > 10: "groß" else: "klein"
echo status

let note = 2
case note
of 1: echo "sehr gut"
of 2, 3: echo "gut bis befriedigend"
of 4..5: echo "ausreichend bis mangelhaft"
else: echo "ungültig"

let text = case n
  of 0: "null"
  of 1..9: "einstellig"
  else: "größer"
echo text

when defined(linux):
  echo "läuft unter Linux"
else:
  echo "anderes System"

import std/[sequtils, algorithm, sugar]

var a: array[5, int] = [5, 3, 9, 1, 7]
echo a, " ", a.len, " ", a[0], " ", a[^1]
a[0] = 50
echo a.sorted()

var s = @[5, 3, 9, 1, 7]
s.add(11)
s.insert(100, 0)
echo s
echo s.len, " ", s[1], " ", s[^1], " ", s[1..3], " ", s[1 ..< 3]
echo s.pop()
s.delete(0)
echo s
echo s.sorted()
echo s.sorted(Descending)
echo s.reversed()
echo s.map(x => x * 2)
echo s.filter(x => x > 4)
echo s.foldl(a + b)
echo s.mapIt(it * it)
echo s.filterIt(it mod 2 == 1)
echo s.anyIt(it > 8), " ", s.allIt(it > 0)
echo s.count(3), " ", s.find(9), " ", 9 in s, " ", 99 notin s
echo s.minIndex, " ", s.maxIndex
echo s.zip(@["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
echo toSeq(1..5)
echo newSeq[int](3)
echo repeat(7, 3)
echo concat(@[1, 2], @[3])
echo deduplicate(@[1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3])
echo @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].distribute(3)
echo (@[1, 2, 3] & @[4])
echo s.mapIt($it).foldl(a & "-" & b)

type
  Person = object
    name: string
    alter: int

  Konto = ref object
    inhaber: string
    stand: float

proc vorstellen(p: Person): string =
  p.name & " (" & $p.alter & ")"

proc einzahlen(k: Konto, betrag: float) =
  k.stand += betrag

var p = Person(name: "Mia", alter: 17)
let q = p                       # Kopie
p.alter = 18
echo vorstellen(p), " ", vorstellen(q)
echo p.vorstellen

let k = Konto(inhaber: "Mia", stand: 10.0)
let k2 = k                      # gleiche Referenz
k.einzahlen(5.5)
echo k2.stand
echo p
echo k[]

import std/[strutils, strformat, algorithm]
import std/unicode except strip, split, splitWhitespace, toUpper, toLower, capitalize, reversed, align, alignLeft, repeat

let s = "Hallo Nim-Welt"
echo s.len, " ", s.toUpperAscii, " ", s.toLowerAscii
echo s[0], " ", s[0..4], " ", s[^4..^1]
echo s.find("Nim"), " ", s.contains("Welt"), " ", s.startsWith("Hallo"), " ", s.endsWith("x")
echo s.replace("Welt", "Erde")
echo s.split(' ')
echo "a,b,,c".split(',')
echo @["x", "y", "z"].join("-")
echo "  trim  ".strip & "|"
echo "ab".repeat(3), " ", "7".align(4, '0'), " ", "x".alignLeft(3) & "|"
echo "42".parseInt + 1, " ", "3.5".parseFloat * 2, " ", "ff".parseHexInt
echo s.count('l'), " ", s.toUpperAscii.count('L')
echo "Nim".len, " ", "ä".len, " ", "äöü".runeLen
echo capitalizeAscii("wort"), " ", s.reversed
echo "x=" & $42 & " y=" & $3.5
echo "a b c".splitWhitespace
echo "CamelCase".normalize
echo "Zeile1\nZeile2".splitLines
echo "$1 und $2, $1 nochmal" % ["a", "b"]
echo isDigit('7'), " ", isAlphaAscii('x'), " ", isUpperAscii('A')
let name = "Mia"
let alter = 17
echo &"{name} ist {alter} Jahre alt, nächstes Jahr {alter + 1}"
echo fmt"{3.14159:.2f} | {42:5} | {42:<5}| {255:x} | {255:b} | {1234567:>10}"
echo fmt"{name:>6}|{name:<6}|{name:^6}|"

import std/strutils

type MeinFehler = object of CatchableError

proc pruefe(n: int): int =
  if n < 0: raise newException(MeinFehler, "negativ: " & $n)
  n

try:
  echo pruefe(3)
  echo pruefe(-1)
except MeinFehler as e:
  echo "Eigener Fehler: ", e.msg
finally:
  echo "aufgeräumt"

try:
  echo parseInt("abc")
except ValueError as e:
  echo "ValueError: ", e.msg

try:
  let a = @[1, 2, 3]
  echo a[10]
except IndexDefect as e:
  echo "Indexfehler abgefangen"

try:
  echo 10 div 0
except DivByZeroDefect:
  echo "durch null"

proc sicher(a, b: int): int =
  try: a div b
  except DivByZeroDefect: -1
echo sicher(10, 2), " ", sicher(1, 0)

proc sieb(n: int): seq[int] =
  var prim = newSeq[bool](n + 1)
  for i in 2..n: prim[i] = true
  var i = 2
  while i * i <= n:
    if prim[i]:
      var j = i * i
      while j <= n:
        prim[j] = false
        j += i
    inc i
  for i in 2..n:
    if prim[i]: result.add(i)

echo sieb(50)
echo sieb(10000).len

import std/[math, times, random, strutils]

randomize(42)
let r = rand(1..6)
echo r in 1..6
echo "Zeit: ", initDuration(minutes = 135).inHours
echo dateTime(2024, mMar, 15, 14, 30, zone = utc()).format("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm")
echo (dateTime(2024, mMar, 15, zone = utc()) + 20.days).format("dd'.'MM'.'yyyy")
echo isLeapYear(2024), " ", getDaysInMonth(mFeb, 2024)
echo sum([1, 2, 3]), " ", sum([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]) / 3.0, " ", pow(2.0, 8.0)
echo "$1 von $2" % ["3", "5"]
echo $(1, "a"), " ", $[1, 2], " ", $true
echo repr(42)
echo sizeof(int), " ", sizeof(int32), " ", sizeof(char)
echo NimVersion.len > 0